Method for generating an identifier

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a method for generating an identifier for identifying a pair, wherein the pair comprises a cryptographic device and a computer system ( 1, 2 , . . . , i, . . . I), wherein the cryptographic device has a first secret key, wherein a second secret key ( 118   .i ) is associated with the computer system, wherein a blocking system ( 120 ) for accessing the second secret key of the computer system is provided, wherein the blocking system has a third secret key, and wherein the following steps are carried out for generating the identifier: generating a second public key ( 116   .i ) from the second secret key and a third public key ( 128 ) associated with the third secret key by means of the blocking system, transmitting the second public key ( 116   .i ) to the computer system (i), and generating the identifier from the first secret key and the second public key, using the cryptographic device.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/260,762 filed on Jan. 3, 2012, which is a 371 application ofPCT/EP2010/058181 with an international filing date of Jun. 10, 2010,which claims benefit of foreign priority in accordance with 35 U.S.C.119(b) to German application No. 10 2009 027 268.2 filed Jun. 29, 2009.These prior applications, including the entire written description anddrawing figures, are hereby incorporated into the present application byreference.

BACKGROUND

The invention relates to a method for generating an identifier, a methodfor blocking a cryptographic device, a computer program product, ablocking system, and a computer system.

The use of various online services, for example for online shopping orfor e-government applications, is known per se from the prior art.Typically, a user must identify himself to the computer system whichprovides the online service via the Internet, for example, using anauthentication token. The authentication token may be a chip card or aUSB stick, for example. If the authentication token is lost, the usermust notify the computer system in question in order to blockunauthorized use of the authentication token by third parties.

A system is known from US 2004/0123098 A1 which allows a third party toverify the existence of an association between a first party and asecond party. The first party has a first and a second cryptographickey, and the second party has a third and a fourth cryptographic key. Toallow the association to be verified, the second party generates anumber which, together with a second, third, and fourth cryptographickey, defines a first, a second, and a third cryptographic parameter. Byusing these parameters and a second and third cryptographic key, thethird party is able to verify an association between the first andsecond parties.

DE 10342710 A1 describes a device and a method for protecting electronictransactions which are carried out using a transaction identificationmeans. At least one RFID tag which is read-only and a further securityfeature of the transaction identification means (for example, a number,an expiration date of the identification means, a hologram, a magneticstrip, etc.) are evaluated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the invention are explained in greater detail below withreference to the drawings, which show the following:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a first embodiment of a blocking systemaccording to the invention, and computer systems according to theinvention.

FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a second embodiment of a blocking systemaccording to the invention, and computer systems according to theinvention.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a method according to the invention forgenerating an identifier.

FIG. 4 shows one embodiment of a method according to the invention forusing the identifier.

FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a method according to the invention forblocking a cryptographic device.

DESCRIPTION

In this regard, the object of the invention is to provide a method forgenerating an identifier, a method for blocking a cryptographic device,a computer program product, a blocking system, and a computer system.

The objects of the invention are achieved in each case by the featuresof the independent claims. Embodiments of the invention are stated inthe dependent claims.

According to embodiments of the invention, a method is provided forgenerating an identifier for a pair, wherein the pair comprises acryptographic device and a computer system, wherein the cryptographicdevice has a first secret key, wherein a second secret key is associatedwith the computer system, wherein a blocking system for accessing thesecond secret key of the computer system is provided, wherein theblocking system has a third secret key, and wherein the following stepsare carried out for generating the identifier: Generating a secondpublic key from the second secret key and a third public key associatedwith the third secret key by means of the blocking system, transmittingthe second public key to the computer system, and generating theidentifier from the first secret key and the second public key, usingthe cryptographic device.

Embodiments of the invention allow a “two-way computation” of theidentifier. The identifier may be computed in two different ways: withinthe scope of the use, by communication between the object, i.e., thecryptographic device, and the computer system, and, within the scope ofthe blocking, by a blocking system and the computer system.

According to embodiments of the invention, within the scope of the use aquery is made for a list of the blocked objects, which is specific tothe particular computer system. This list is continuously updated withnewly blocked objects.

According to embodiments of the invention, the following procedure isfollowed for using an object: 1) computing the identifier, 2) searchingthe list for blocked documents, 3) enabling use if the object is notblocked, or otherwise, refusing use.

The cryptographic device may be a document, in particular a valuedocument or security document. In particular, the cryptographic devicemay be an electronic passport, an electronic personal identificationcard, or some other electronic identification document. For example, thecryptographic device may be designed as a chip card, a USB token, orsome other portable device, or as a so-called security module.

According to the invention, a “document” is understood to mean inparticular paper-based and/or plastic-based documents, for exampleidentification documents, in particular passports, personalidentification cards, and visas, and driver's licenses, vehicleidentification documents, vehicle registration documents, companyidentification cards, health insurance cards, or other identificationdocuments, as well as chip cards, payment means, in particular bankcards and credit cards, consignment notes, or other credentials, intowhich a data memory and a processor are integrated.

The cryptographic device preferably has a protected memory area in whichthe first secret key is stored. A first asymmetrical cryptographic keypair is formed by the first secret key and the first public key, wherebythe first public key may likewise be stored in the cryptographic deviceand/or in a publicly accessible directory, for example in the databaseof a so-called directory server.

In particular, identification data may be associated with the firstpublic key, the identification data together with the public key beingstored in the database, so that with the aid of the identification datathe first public key may be read from the database by a third party, inparticular the blocking system. The identification data may also becontained in a certificate, which may be associated with the firstasymmetrical cryptographic key pair. The identification data used as adatabase access key to the first public key may, for example, be thename and date of birth or the e-mail address of the carrier of thecryptographic device.

In the present context, a “certificate” is understood to mean a digitalcertificate, also referred to as a public key certificate. A certificateinvolves structured data which are used to associate a public key of anasymmetrical cryptosystem with an identity, such as that of a person, anorganization, or a computer system, for example. For example, thecertificate may correspond to the X.509 standard or some other standard.

According to embodiments of the invention, the communication between thecomputer system and the cryptographic device, in particular for using anonline service provided by the computer system, takes place via a publicnetwork, whereby, for example, a user computer system, in particular acustomary personal computer (PC), having a network interface and areader may be used for this purpose. By means of the reader, such as achip card reader or an RFID reader, for example, the cryptographicdevice is linked to the user computer system, which is provided via anetwork interface for establishing a communication connection, inparticular a so-called session, with the computer system.

A mobile wireless device, in particular a mobile phone, may be usedinstead of a user computer system as a cryptographic device. In thiscase, the so-called Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which may bedesigned according to the GSM, UMTS, or some other telecommunicationstandard, may be used. However, the mobile wireless device may also havean interface for a near field communication, in particular according toa Near Field Communication (NFC) standard, in order to access thecryptographic device.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the computer systemtransmits the second public key to the cryptographic device before anonline service is provided. The cryptographic device then generates theidentifier from the second public key and the first secret key, theidentifier then being transmitted from the cryptographic device to thecomputer system. By means of the identifier, only the pair formed by thecryptographic device and the computer system, not the cryptographicdevice itself, is uniquely identified. This has the advantage inparticular that the cryptographic device or its carrier may remainanonymous to the computer system.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the blocking system has afirst subsystem and at least one second subsystem. Only the firstsubsystem has access to the third secret key, and only the secondsubsystem has access to the second secret key. However, both the thirdsecret key and the second secret key are necessary for blocking theidentifier, so that the blocking may be performed only with the aid ofboth the first and second subsystems, but not by either of thesubsystems alone. It is thus possible to implement a “four eyesprinciple” for carrying out the blocking.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the cryptographic devicemay be used for a set of computer systems, each possible pair of thecryptographic device and one of these computer systems being uniquelyidentified by one identifier. Numerous other cryptographic devices ofdifferent users may be present, for which identifiers for all such pairsare likewise defined in a similar manner.

If one of the cryptographic devices is lost, it must be blocked forfurther use on all of the computer systems. For this purpose, a blockingcommand is directed to the first subsystem of the blocking system. Theblocking command contains the identification data, so that the firstsubsystem is able to access the database in order to read the firstpublic key of the cryptographic device to be blocked. Alternatively, theblocking command already contains the first public key, so that suchaccess to the database is unnecessary.

The blocking command may be initiated, for example, by a call from theuser to the blocking system by voice communication, or by electroniccommunication such as by e-mail, which contains the identification data,or by inputting the blocking command and/or the identification data onan Internet site of the blocking system.

The blocking system then generates all of the identifiers for all pairswhich may be formed from the blocking device and the computer systems,and transmits these identifiers to the computer systems in question, sothat in each case the identifiers are locally stored at those locationsin blocking lists. If a subsequent attempt is made to use thecryptographic device for one of these computer systems, the computersystem in question determines that the identifier received from thecryptographic device is identical to an identifier which appears on theblocking list, and as a result the computer system refuses provision ofthe desired online service.

This has the particular advantage that blocking of the cryptographicdevice is made possible by a single blocking command for all of thecomputer systems in question. Thus, the user does not have to contactevery one of the computer systems in order to initiate the blockingthere.

Embodiments of the invention are particularly advantageous for blockingcryptographic devices, for example identification documents, inparticular those having no unique identifier, in a divided manner. Oneexample scenario is an identification document which may be used forvarious computer systems of different providers of online services oronline products.

For example, the same identification document may be used for providingauthentication to an Internet auction platform, for example eBay, andfor providing identification to an online store, for example Amazon. Anidentifier is computed from the first secret key of the identificationdocument, for example a customer loyalty card, in combination with thesecond public key which is associated with eBay, the identifier beingunique to the customer loyalty card-eBay combination. The eBay providerthen has an identifier for the customer loyalty card-eBay pair withoutthe need for further information from the customer loyalty card.

The same applies for Amazon, wherein the identifier computed for thecustomer loyalty card-Amazon pair is different from the identifier forthe customer loyalty card-eBay pair. This prevents different providers,for example eBay and Amazon, from combining their data records regardingcustomer behavior, since they are not able to determine from theidentifiers whether they are communicating with the same or differentpersons.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for blocking acryptographic device, wherein an identifier corresponding to a methodaccording to one of the preceding claims is associated with the paircomprising the cryptographic device and a computer system, by means ofwhich the pair is identifiable, having the following steps: Computationof the identifier by the blocking device, based on the first public key,the second secret key, and the third secret key, transmission of theidentifier to the computer system, and storage of the identifier in ablocking list of the computer system.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a computer program productfor executing an embodiment of a method according to the invention forgenerating an identifier, and/or an embodiment of a method according tothe invention for blocking a cryptographic device.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a blocking system forblocking the use of a cryptographic device with regard to a set ofcomputer systems, wherein the cryptographic device has a first secretkey, wherein one second secret key is associated with each of thecomputer systems, having: means for generating a second public key foreach of the second secret keys from the second secret key in questionand a third public key, wherein the third public key is included in athird secret key to which the blocking system has access, wherein anidentifier is determinable by each of the second public keys and thefirst secret key of the cryptographic device, and identifies the paircomprising the cryptographic device and the computer system which isassociated with the second public key in question, means for receiving ablocking command, means for generating the identifier for each of thepairs from the first public key of the cryptographic device, the secondsecret keys, and the third secret key, and means for transmitting theidentifiers to the computer systems in question for storage in theblocking lists thereof.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a computer system havingmeans for receiving a second public key from the blocking system, meansfor transmitting the second public key to a user computer system whichis linked to the cryptographic device, means for receiving theidentifier for the pair formed from the cryptographic device and thecomputer system, and means for comparing the identifier to a blockinglist, wherein identifiers received from the blocking system due to theblocking command are stored in the blocking list.

The various functional means of the blocking system and/or of thecomputer system may be formed by one or more microprocessors which aredesigned to execute program instructions stored in a program memory inorder to provide the particular functionality.

Corresponding elements of the various embodiments are denoted by thesame reference numerals below.

FIG. 1 shows a data processing system comprising multiple servercomputer systems 1, 2, . . . . Each of the server computer systems 1, 2,. . . may be designed for providing an online service, for example as anonline store, online auction platform, or e-government platform. Anindividual asymmetrical cryptographic key pair, which in each case iscomposed of a secret key and a public key, is associated with each ofthe server computer systems 1, 2, . . . . .

A cryptographic device 100 is designed for use with the server computersystems 1, 2, . . . . The cryptographic device 100 may be designed as anidentification object, in particular as an identification document, forexample a chip card, an RFID tag, or an electronic identificationdocument.

The cryptographic device 100 has a protected memory area in which afirst secret key 102 is stored. The first secret key 102 includes afirst public key 104. A first asymmetrical cryptographic key pair isformed by the first secret key 102 and the first public key 104, bymeans of which the identity of the cryptographic device 100 isdetermined.

This key pair is unique for an object, i.e., the cryptographic device100, but preferably is never used directly, and instead is used only asan input for computing the identifier. The two systems, i.e., thecryptographic device 100 and the server computer system in question onthe one hand, and the blocking system 120 and server computer system inquestion on the other hand, are able to compute the identifier, which isunique for the object and server computer system combination. The servercomputer system in question is able to store this identifier andoptionally associate it with further information (for example, the nameand bank account number of the carrier of the cryptographic device 100)with the aid of a database, and to recognize the object upon subsequentuse.

The first public key 104 may be stored in a memory of the cryptographicdevice 100 and/or in a database 106. The database 106 may be designed asa so-called directory server. The identification data associated withthe cryptographic device 100 may be used as an access key for thedatabase 106. These identification data may be, for example, the nameand date of birth, e-mail address, or the like of a carrier of thecryptographic device 100. In addition, a certificate associated with thefirst key pair may be stored in the database 106.

The cryptographic device 100 also has a processor 108 for executingprogram instructions 110. The processor 108 is designed for accessingthe first secret key 102 in order to carry out a cryptographic operationby executing the program instructions 110.

The object 100 may be linked to a user computer system 112. For example,the user computer system 112 contains a reader, with the aid of whichthe user computer system 112 is able to communicate with thecryptographic device 100. The reader of the user computer system 112 maybe designed as a chip card reader or an RFID reader, for example,depending on the type of communication interface the cryptographicdevice 100 has. However, the cryptographic device 100 may also form anintegral component of the user computer system 112; in particular, thecryptographic device 100 may be designed as a so-called security module.

The user computer system 112 may also be designed as a mobile wirelessdevice, for example a mobile phone. In this case the cryptographicdevice 100 may be a SIM card.

The cryptographic device 100 is linkable to the server computer systems1, 2, . . . via the user computer system 112 and the network 114. Thenetwork 114 may be a private network, or a public network such as theInternet.

The server computer system 1 has a memory in which a second public key116.1 is stored. A second secret key 118.1 is associated with the secondpublic key 116.1; a second asymmetrical cryptographic key pair is formedby the second public key 116.1 and the second secret key 118.1, by meansof which the server computer system 1 is identified. The second secretkey 118.1 is stored in a blocking system 120. The blocking system 120may be implemented by one or more interlinked computer systems; inaddition, the blocking system 120 may include a call center, forexample, so that a user may call that location to initiate blocking.

The server computer system 1 also contains at least one processor 122.1for executing program instructions 124.1. The program instructions 124.1contain a program module for providing an online service, and a programmodule for checking whether a blocking criterion is present.

The situation is the same for the server computer system 2, which storesa second public key 116.2 which is different from the second public key116.1 of the server computer system 1. The second public key 116.2includes a second secret key (not illustrated in FIG. 1) which, the sameas the second secret key 118.1, is stored in the blocking system 120.Similarly as for the server computer system 1, the server computersystem 2 also contains at least one processor 122.2 and programinstructions 124.2.

Overall, a number I, which in principle may have any desired value, ofsuch server computer systems i may be connected to the network 114, eachof the server computer systems i storing an individual second public key116.i which includes a second secret key 118.i that is stored in theblocking system 120.

A third secret key 126 is also stored in the blocking system 120. Theblocking system 120 has access to a third public key 128; a thirdasymmetrical cryptographic key pair which is associated with theblocking system 120 is formed by the third secret key 126 and the thirdpublic key 128.

The blocking system 120 also has at least one processor 130 forexecuting program instructions 132. The blocking system 120 is able tocarry out cryptographic operations by use of the program instructions132. In particular, with the aid of the program instructions 132 theblocking system 120 is able to generate the second public key 116.1 fromthe second secret key 118.1, using the third public key 128.

The situation is the same for the additional second public key 116.i,which the blocking system 120 is likewise able to compute from therespective secret key 118.i and the third public key 128 by executingthe program instructions 132.

The blocking system 120 is linkable to the database 106 and to theserver computer systems i via the network 114.

The following procedure, for example, is followed for defining anidentifier for a pair comprising, for example, the cryptographic device100 and the server computer system i=1:

The blocking system 120 generates the second public key 116.1 from thesecond secret key 118.1 and the third public key 128, and transmits thesecond public key via the network 114 to the server computer system 1,which locally stores this second public key 116.1. The identifier forthe cryptographic device 100/server computer system 1 pair is alreadydefined by the second public key 116.1 and the first secret key 102.Similarly, the blocking system 120 generates the second public key 116.ifor each additional server computer system i in order to define anidentifier in each case for the cryptographic device 100/server computersystem i pairs.

To use an online service which is provided by one of the server computersystems i, the user computer system 112 sends an appropriate request tothis server computer system i. The server computer system i responds tosuch a request by means of its second public key 116.i, which istransmitted to the cryptographic device 100 via the network 114 and theuser computer system 112.

By executing the program instructions 110, the cryptographic device 100then computes the identifier for the cryptographic device 100/servercomputer system i pair from the first secret key 102 and the secondpublic key 116.i. This identifier is then transmitted from thecryptographic device 100 to the particular server computer system i viathe user computer system 112 and the network 114, thus identifying theassociation of the cryptographic device 100 or its carrier to the servercomputer system i.

The server computer system i is then able to store preferably securedata, for example, on the user computer system 112 in which thisidentifier is indicated. The cryptographic device 100 is identified viathe identifier, i.e., uniquely with respect to the server computersystem i, i.e., is uniquely distinguishable from other cryptographicdevices which in principle have the identical design, and which maylikewise be used for the data processing system, thus allowing theanonymity of the carrier of the cryptographic device 100 to be protectedwithout having to disclose personal data or other data from thecryptographic device 100 to the server computer system i.

For example, the data contained in the identifier are stored on the usercomputer system 112 during a first session with the server computersystem i. The same identifier is generated in a subsequent sessionbetween the same cryptographic device 100 and the same server computersystem i, so that the server computer system i is able to associate thesecond session with the first session via the data indicated by the sameidentifier.

If the cryptographic device 100 is lost or becomes unusable for someother reason, for example because the first secret key 102 has been orcould be divulged, further use of the cryptographic device 100 must beblocked with respect to the server computer systems i in order toprevent misuse. For this purpose, for example the user computer system112 sends a blocking request to the blocking system 120 via the network114, the blocking request containing identification data which allow theblocking system access to the first public key 104 by accessing thedatabase 106 via the network 114. Alternatively, the blocking requestwhich is sent to the blocking system 120 by the user computer system 112already contains this first public key 104.

As a result of the blocking request, the blocking system 120 computes afourth public key from the first public key 104 and the third secret key126. The identifier for the cryptographic device 100/server computersystem i pair is then computed from the fourth public key and the secondsecret key 118.i by executing the program instructions 132. The blockingsystem 120 then sends this identifier via the network 114 to the servercomputer system i, where this identifier is then stored in a blockinglist.

When a subsequent attempt is made to use an online service provided bythe server computer system i, using the cryptographic device 100, theserver computer system i once again receives the identifier, which hasbeen computed by the blocked cryptographic device 100, from the usercomputer system 112. The server computer system i compares theidentifier received from the user computer system 112 to the identifiersstored in the blocking list.

Because the cryptographic device 100 has been previously blocked, theidentifier computed by the cryptographic device 100 is present in thisblocking list, so that the server computer system i recognizes thecryptographic device 100 as blocked. The server computer system i thendelivers an error message to the user computer system 112 and refusesprovision of the desired online service.

Due to the receipt of the blocking request from the user computer system112, the blocking system 120 preferably computes the identifiers of allpossible pairs of the cryptographic device 100 and the server computersystems i, and transmits same to the particular server computer systemsi, each of which stores the identifier in question in its local blockinglist. Thus, the cryptographic device 100 may be blocked from all of theserver computer systems i based on a single blocking request.

Depending on the embodiment, the data processing system of FIG. 1 may beused by a plurality of users, each of which has a cryptographic devicewhich corresponds to the cryptographic device 100 shown as an example inFIG. 1.

FIG. 2 shows a refinement of the embodiment from FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, theblocking system 120 is formed by a first subsystem 134 and at least onesecond subsystem 136. The third secret key 126 is stored in the firstsubsystem 134; subsystem 134 includes at least one processor 130′ forexecuting program instructions 132′. On the other hand, the secondsecret key 118.1 is stored in subsystem 136; in addition, further secondsecret keys of at least one subset of the server computer systems 1, 2,. . . may be stored in subsystem 136.

Subsystems 134 and 136 are loosely linked to one another, for examplevia the network 114.

For generating the second public key, for example the second public key116.1, subsystem 136 uses the third public key 128 of subsystem 134, inthat the third public key is transmitted from subsystem 134 to subsystem136 via the network 114. On the other hand, for processing a blockingrequest, the fourth public key is computed by subsystem 134 by executingthe program instructions 132′, and is transmitted to subsystem 136 viathe network 114, for example, where the identifier for the cryptographicdevice 100/server computer system 1 pair is computed from the fourthpublic key and the second secret key 118.1, using the programinstructions 132″. This identifier is then transmitted by subsystem 136to the server computer system 1 in question via the network 114, so thatthe server computer system 1 is able to store this identifier in itsblocking list.

It is particularly advantageous that access to both the second secretkey 118.1 and the third secret key 126 is required for blocking thecryptographic device 100, so that neither subsystem 134 or 136 alone isable to carry out such blocking. It is thus possible to implement a“four eyes principle” for carrying out the blocking.

FIG. 3 shows one embodiment of a corresponding method according to theinvention, in which the preparation, i.e., the definition, of theidentifiers for the server computer system i pairs is shown.

The first secret key 102 is denoted below as SK_(object), and the firstpublic key 104, as PK_(object). The second public key 116.i is denotedbelow as PK_(down(i)) and the second secret key 118.i, as SK_(down(i)).The third public key 128 is denoted below as PK_(blocking), and thethird secret key 126, as SK_(blocking). The key PK_(object) is stored inthe publicly accessible database 106, for example (step A), and the keysPK_(blocking) and SK_(blocking) are stored in subsystem 134, for example(step B).

The blocking system 120 is formed here by a single subsystem 134 and aset of J subsystems 136.j, where 1≦j≦J. In FIG. 3, subsystem 134 isdenoted by “top,” and subsystems 136.j, by “middle(j).” The servercomputer systems i are denoted by “down(i)” in FIG. 3.

In the embodiment considered here, the set of server computer systems iis divided into subsets, each of the subsystems 136.j being associatedwith such a subset of server computer systems i, and having the secondsecret keys SK_(down(i)) of the subset in question.

For initializing the system, each of the server computer systems ireceives a second public key PK_(down(i)) from the appropriate subsystem136.j, in that PK_(down(i)) is computed from subsystem 136.j as follows(step C):PK_(down(i))=SK_(down(i))·PK_(blocking)

The symbol “·” preferably represents the operation of acryptographically secure group. This may involve the multiplication ofintegers modulo a prime number, or the scalar multiplication of a pointon an elliptical curve, i.e., adding the point PK_(blocking) a total ofSK_(down(i)) times. The “·” operation is considered to be computable inan efficient manner, whereas the inverse operation (i.e., the solutionof the Diffie-Hellman problem) is considered to be difficult to solve.

The key PK_(down(i)) computed in this manner is then stored in theparticular server computer system i (step D).

After the preparation according to FIG. 3, the use may be carried outaccording to FIG. 4 as follows: When one of the server computer systemsi receives a service request from the user computer system 112 of thecryptographic device 100, the server computer system i sends its secondpublic key PK_(down(i)) to the cryptographic device 100, as shown inFIG. 4 (step 1). The cryptographic device 100 then computes theidentifier for the cryptographic device 100/server computer system ipair from PK_(down(i)) and the first secret key SK_(object), thisidentifier being denoted below as I_(object) ^(down(i)), i.e.,I _(object) ^(down(i))=SK_(object)·PK_(down(i))This identifier I_(object) ^(down(i)) is then sent by the user computersystem 112 to the server computer system i (step 2), so that thecryptographic device 100 is uniquely identified in its association withthe server computer system i.

FIG. 5 shows the sequence for blocking the cryptographic device 100.Subsystem 134 accesses the database 106, from which it reads out thefirst public key PK_(object) of the cryptographic device 100 (step 1).Subsystem 134 then computes the fourth public key PK_(object)^(blocking) from PK_(object) and SK_(blocking), i.e., PK_(object)^(blocking)=SK_(blocking)·PK_(object)

Subsystem 134 transmits PK_(object) ^(blocking) to all of the secondsubsystems 136.j (step 2). Each of the subsystems 136.j then generatesthe identifiers I_(object) ^(down(i)) of the subsets of server computersystems, in each case associated with subsystems 136.j, and transmitsthese identifiers I_(object) ^(down(i)) in each case to thecorresponding server computer systems i; i.e., the identifier I_(object)^(down(i)) is transmitted by the appropriate subsystem 136.j to theserver computer system i, where it is stored in the blocking list 138.i(step 3).

The identifier I_(object) ^(down(i)) is computed by subsystem 136.j asfollows:I _(object) ^(down(i))=SK_(down(i))·PK_(object) ^(blocking)

When an attempt at use is made according to FIG. 4 after thecryptographic device 100 is blocked, after I_(object) ^(down(i)) isreceived from the cryptographic device 100 or from the user computersystem 112, the server computer system i compares the receivedI_(object) ^(down(i)) to its blocking list 138.i (step 4). If thisidentifier I_(object) ^(down(i)) is contained in the blocking list138.i, the server computer system i performs blocking so that it is notpossible for the cryptographic device 100 to use the online serviceprovided by the server computer system i. For example, the servercomputer system i signals the refusal of the service request receivedfrom the cryptographic device 100 or from the user computer system 112.On the other hand, if the received I_(object) ^(down(i)) is notcontained in the blocking list 138.i, the server computer system i isable to provide the service requested by the service request.

The identifier I_(object) ^(down(i)) computed by subsystem 136.j withinthe scope of the blocking is identical to the identifier I_(object)^(down(i)) computed by the cryptographic device 100, for the followingreason:

The cryptographic device 100 computes I_(object) ^(down(i)) within thescope of the use as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{I_{object}^{{down}{(i)}} = {{SK}_{object} \cdot {PK}_{{down}{(i)}}}} \\{= {{SK}_{object} \cdot {SK}_{{down}{(i)}} \cdot {PK}_{blocking}}} \\{= {{SK}_{object} \cdot {SK}_{{down}{(i)}} \cdot {SK}_{blocking} \cdot G}}\end{matrix}$

This is equal to I_(object) ^(down(i)) computed by subsystem 136.j forthe blocking, namely

$\begin{matrix}{I_{object}^{{down}{(i)}} = {{SK}_{{down}{(i)}} \cdot {PK}_{object}^{blocking}}} \\{= {{SK}_{{down}{(i)}} \cdot {SK}_{blocking} \cdot {PK}_{object}}} \\{{= {{SK}_{{down}{(i)}} \cdot {SK}_{blocking} \cdot {SK}_{object} \cdot G}},}\end{matrix}$where G may be the so-called base point of an elliptical curve, i.e.,the generator of the cryptographic group, and the “·” operator may be ascalar multiplication. Instead of elliptical curve cryptography, othercryptographic methods may be used, for example groups based on primefields, in particular RSA.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS

-   -   100 Cryptographic device    -   102 First secret key    -   104 First public key    -   106 Database    -   108 Processor    -   110 Program instructions    -   112 User computer system    -   114 Network    -   116.1 Second public key    -   116.2 Second public key    -   118.1 Second secret key    -   120 Blocking system    -   122.1 Processor    -   122.2 Processor    -   124.1 Program instructions    -   124.2 Program instructions    -   126 Third secret key    -   128 Third public key    -   130 Processor    -   130′ Processor    -   130″ Processor    -   132 Program instructions    -   132′ Program instructions    -   132″ Program instructions    -   134 Subsystem    -   136 Subsystem

What is claimed:
 1. A system for blocking the use of a cryptographicdevice with regard to a set of one or more computer systems, wherein thecryptographic device has a first secret key, the first secret key and afirst public key forming an asymmetric cryptographic key pair, whereineach computer system of the set of one or more computer systems isassociated with a second secret key, the system comprising: a blockingsubsystem comprising: a memory for storing the second secret keysassociated with the set of one or more computer systems; and a hardwareprocessor coupled to the memory and configured to: receive a blockingcommand for the cryptographic device; for each computer system of theset of one or more computer systems: generate a second public keyassociated with the computer system by combining the second secret keyassociated with the computer system with a third public key; transmitthe second public key to the cryptographic device; generate a firstidentifier by combining the first public key of the cryptographic devicewith the second secret key associated with the computer system and athird secret key; and transmit the first identifier to the computersystem for storage in a respective blocking list thereof; wherein theblocking subsystem is able to access to the third secret key, the thirdsecret key and the third public key forming an asymmetric cryptographickey pair; and a computer system configured to: receive the firstidentifier from the blocking subsystem; store the first identifier inthe blocking list in a memory of the computer system, the blocking listcomprising one or more first identifiers; receive a second identifierfrom the cryptographic device, where the second identifier comprises acombination of the first secret key of the cryptographic device with thesecond public key associated with the computer system; compare thesecond identifier to one or more first identifiers stored in theblocking list, and block the cryptographic device if the secondidentifier matches a first identifier of the one or more firstidentifiers stored in the blocking list.
 2. The system according toclaim 1, wherein the blocking subsystem comprises a first subsystem anda second subsystem, wherein only the first subsystem has access to thethird secret key, and only the second subsystem has access to the secondsecret key, wherein the second subsystem is provided for generating thesecond public key from the second secret key and the third public key.3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the blocking command isreceived by the first subsystem wherein the blocking command containsidentification data for identifying the cryptographic device, andwherein the first subsystem is designed to access a database with theaid of the identification data in order to read the first public key ofthe identifier from the database.
 4. The system according to claim 1,further comprising: a cryptographic device comprising a hardwareprocessor and a memory, wherein the hardware processor and memory of thecryptographic device are configured to: receive a second public key ofthe one or more second public keys associated with the set of one ormore computer systems from the blocking subsystem; and determine thesecond identifier associated with the received second public key bycombining the received second public key and the first secret key of thecryptographic device.
 5. The system according to claim 4, wherein thehardware processor of the cryptographic device is further configured to:transmit the second identifier to the computer system of the set of oneor more computer systems associated with the received second public key.6. A method for blocking the use of a cryptographic device with regardto a set of one or more computer systems, wherein the cryptographicdevice has a first secret key, the first secret key and a first publickey forming an asymmetric cryptographic key pair, wherein each computersystem of the set of one or more computer systems is associated with asecond secret key of a set of second secret keys, the method comprising:storing, by a blocking subsystem, the second secret keys associated withthe set of one or more computer systems, wherein the blocking subsystemhas access to a third secret key, the third secret key and a thirdpublic key forming an asymmetric cryptographic key pair; receiving, bythe blocking subsystem, a blocking command for the cryptographic device;for each computer system of the set of one or more computer systems:generating, by the blocking subsystem, a second public key associatedwith the computer system by combining the second secret key with thethird public key; transmitting, by the blocking subsystem, the secondpublic key to the cryptographic device; generating, by the blockingsubsystem, a first identifier by combining the first public key of thecryptographic device with the second secret key associated with thecomputer system and the third secret key; transmitting, by the blockingsubsystem, the first identifier to the computer system for storage in arespective blocking list thereof; receiving, by a computer system of theset of one or more computer systems, the first identifier from theblocking system; storing, by the computer system, the first identifierin the blocking list in a memory of the computer system, the blockinglist comprising one or more first identifiers; receiving, by thecomputer system, a second identifier from the cryptographic device,where the second identifier comprises a combination of the first secretkey of the cryptographic device with the second public key associatedwith the computer system; comparing, by the computer system, the secondidentifier to one or more first identifiers stored in the blocking list,and blocking, by the computer system, the cryptographic device if thesecond identifier matches a first identifier of the one or more firstidentifiers stored in the blocking list.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein the blocking system comprises a first subsystem and a secondsubsystem, wherein only the first subsystem has access to the thirdsecret key, and only the second subsystem has access to the secondsecret key, the method further comprising: the first subsystemgenerating the first identifier for each possible cryptographicdevice/computer system pair by combining the first public key of thecryptographic device, the second secret keys, and the third secret key;and the second subsystem generating the second public key by combiningthe second secret key and the third public key.
 8. The method of claim7, wherein the blocking command is received by the first subsystem andwherein the blocking command contains identification data foridentifying the cryptographic device, the method further comprising: thefirst subsystem accessing a database dependent upon the identificationdata in order to read the first public key of the identifier from thedatabase.
 9. The method according to claim 7, further comprising:generating, by the first subsystem, a fourth public key by combining thethird secret key and the first public key; and transmitting the fourthpublic key from the first subsystem to the second subsystem.
 10. Themethod according to claim 7, wherein the blocking subsystem comprises aplurality of second subsystems each being associated with a computersystem of the set of computer systems, the method further comprising:generating, by a second subsystem of the plurality of second subsystems,the first identifier for the computer system with which the secondsubsystem is associated by combining the fourth public key and thesecond secret key of the associated computer system.
 11. The methodaccording to claim 10, further comprising: responsive to a blockingcommand, the first subsystem generating the fourth public key andtransmitting the fourth public key to the plurality of secondsubsystems; determining, by the plurality of second subsystems, a firstidentifier for each possible cryptographic device/computer system pair;and transmitting, by the plurality of second subsystems, the firstidentifiers to the associated computer systems, so that in each of thecomputer systems the first identifier which identifies the paircontaining the computer system and the cryptographic device is stored inthe respective blocking list of the computer system.
 12. The method ofclaim 6, further comprising: the cryptographic device receiving thesecond public key, associated with a computer system of the set of oneor more computer systems, from the blocking system; the cryptographicdevice generating the second identifier by combining the second publickey with the first secret key; and the cryptographic device transmittingthe second identifier to the computer system, of the set of one or morecomputer systems, associated with the second public key.
 13. The methodaccording to claim 12, wherein the cryptographic device comprises avalue document or security document.
 14. The method according to claim12, wherein the cryptographic device comprises a chip card.